Canadian Aviation Regulations - Aerobatics

101.01 (1) In these Regulations:

"aerobatic manoeuvre" - means a manoeuvre where a change in the attitude of an aircraft results in a bank angle greater than 60 degrees, an abnormal attitude or an abnormal acceleration not incidental to normal flying;

Aerobatic Manoeuvres - Prohibited Areas and Flight Conditions

602.27 No person operating an aircraft shall conduct aerobatic manoeuvres

(a) over a built-up area or an open-air assembly of persons;

(b) in controlled airspace, except in accordance with a special flight operations certificate issued pursuant to section 603.67;

(c) when flight visibility is less than three miles; or

(d) below 2,000 feet AGL, except in accordance with a special flight operations certificate issued pursuant to section 603.02 or 603.67.

Aerobatic Manoeuvres with Passengers

602.28 No person operating an aircraft with a passenger on board shall conduct an aerobatic manoeuvre unless the pilot-in-command of the aircraft has engaged in

(a) at least 10 hours dual flight instruction in the conducting of aerobatic manoeuvres or 20 hours conducting aerobatic manoeuvres; and

(b) at least one hour of conducting aerobatic manoeuvres in the preceding six months.


Exemption 602.27

Pursuant to subsection 5.9(2) of the Aeronautics Act, and after having taken into account that the exemption is both in the public interest and is not likely to affect aviation safety, I hereby exempt persons conducting aerobatic manoeuvres in an aircraft in controlled airspace, from the requirement set out in paragraph 602.27(b) of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs), subject to the following conditions.

Paragraph 602.27(b) requires that no person operating an aircraft shall conduct aerobatic manoeuvres in controlled airspace, except in accordance with a Special Flight Operations Certificate issue pursuant to section 603.67.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this exemption is to permit persons operating an aircraft to conduct aerobatic manoeuvres in controlled airspace without requiring a Special Flight Operations Certificate issued pursuant to section 603.67 of the CARs.

APPLICATION

This exemption applies to ALL persons conducting aerobatic manoeuvres in an aircraft in controlled airspace.

CONDITIONS

This exemption is subject to the following conditions:

  1. The person operating an aircraft to conduct aerobatic manoeuvres in controlled airspace shall comply with paragraphs 602.27(a), 602.27(c) and 602.27(d) of the CARs;
  2. The person shall advise the appropriate air traffic services unit prior to conducting aerobatic manoeuvres in any class of controlled airspace that requires radio contact with air traffic services;
  3. Where the aerobatic manoeuvres will be conducted in Class A, B or C airspace or Class D Control Zones, prior coordination between the person conducting the aerobatic manoeuvres and the air traffic control unit providing air traffic control services in the above airspace shall be carried out.

VALIDITY

This exemption comes into effect on APRIL 1, 2006 at 00:01 EDT and is in effect until the earliest of the following:

  1. the date on which an amendment to the appropriate provisions of the Canadian Aviation Regulations and related standards comes into effect;
  2. the date on which any condition set out in this exemption is breached; or
  3. the date on which this exemption is cancelled, in writing, by the Minister where he is of the opinion that it is no longer in the public interest, or that it is likely to affect aviation safety.

Dated at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 16th day of March, 2006 on behalf of the Minister of Transport.

Merlin Preuss
Director General
Civil Aviation

Date modified:

2010-05-10


So, you want to be an Aerobatic Flight Instructor?

425.21 Qualifications of Flight Instructors

 (10) A person who conducts flight training for experience in aerobatic manoeuvres shall:

(a) in the case of aeroplanes, have a Flight Instructor Rating - Aeroplane - Aerobatics;

 
Class 2

401.92 Class 2 Rating - Privileges

The holder of a Class 2 flight instructor rating - aeroplane - aerobatic may

(a) conduct flight instruction in the performance of aerobatic manoeuvres; and

(b) certify a licensed pilot's personal log with respect to competency to perform aerobatic manoeuvres.

 

421.91 Class 2 Rating - Requirements

(1) Prerequisites

Before commencing training for a Class 2 Aerobatic Instructor Rating, an applicant shall:

(a) hold a Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot Licence - Aeroplane; and

(b) provide a personal log with certification from the holder of a Class 1 or Class 2 Aerobatic Instructor rating that the applicant is competent to perform aerobatic manoeuvres.

(2) Knowledge

(a) An applicant shall have completed a minimum of 15 hours of Aerobatic Instructor Rating ground school instruction which shall include:

(i) the practical application of the basic techniques of instruction and principles of learning as outlined in Section 1 of the Flight Instructor Guide;

(ii) lesson planning;

(iii) theory of flight applicable to aerobatics;

(iv) preparatory ground instruction procedures;

(v) pre and post-flight briefing procedures;

(vi) teaching aerobatic flight manoeuvres;

(vii) aircraft structural limitations;

(viii) medical factors and human tolerances;

(ix) aerobatic pre-flight inspection;

(x) considerations for recovery from unplanned manoeuvres;

(xi) flight safety considerations;

(xii) regulations and airspace restrictions relating to aerobatic flight; and

(xiii) presentation of pilot decision-making concepts.

(b) An applicant shall have obtained 90% in the written examination PSTAR, unless previously completed.

(3) Experience

(a) An applicant shall provide evidence of having completed a minimum of 10 hours of dual flight instruction on the teaching of aerobatic manoeuvres including:

(i) aerobatic spin entry and recovery (minimum 1 turn);

(ii) loop;

(iii) barrel roll;

(iv) slow roll;

(v) snap roll;

(vi) hammerhead turn;

(vii) combination manoeuvres including:

(A) 1/2 loop followed by 1/2 roll (Immelmann Turn),

(B) 1/2 roll followed by 1/2 loop (Split S),

(C) 5/8 loop followed by 45o descending 1/2 roll (1/2 Cuban 8), and

(D) 45º climbing 1/2 roll followed by 5/8 loop (1/2 Reverse Cuban 8); and

(viii) recovery techniques from unplanned aerobatic manoeuvres.

(4) Skill

The applicant shall successfully complete a flight test as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane, in accordance with Schedule 17 “Flight Test for the Issuance or Renewal of a Flight Instructor Rating – Class 2 –– Aeroplane — Aerobatic” of Standard 428 — Conduct of Flight Tests.
(amended 2012/02/19; previous version)

(5) Credits

(a) Knowledge

(i) An applicant who holds, or has held within the preceding 24 months, a Flight Instructor Rating - Glider - Aerobatic shall be deemed to have met 10 hours of the 15 hours ground school instruction requirement.

(ii) An applicant who holds, or has held within the preceding 24 months, a Flight Instructor Rating for aeroplanes or helicopters shall be deemed to have met 10 hours of the 15 hours ground school instruction requirement.

(b) Experience

(i) An applicant who holds or has a Flight Instructor Rating - Gliders - Aerobatic shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.

(ii) An applicant who holds or has held a Flight Instructor Rating for aeroplanes or helicopters shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.

(iii) An applicant who holds or has held a Transport Canada "Statement of Aerobatic Competency" shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.
(amended 1998/09/01; no previous version)

(6) Credits for DND Applicants

(a) Knowledge

An applicant who holds, or has held within the preceding 24 months, a Canadian Forces Instructor Category, Aeroplanes shall be deemed to have met 10 hours of the 15 hours ground school instruction requirement.

(b) Experience

An applicant who holds or has held a Canadian Forces Qualified Flying Instructor (QFI) category valid for training on single-engine aeroplanes shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.

(7) Credits for Foreign Applicants

(a) Knowledge

An applicant who holds, or has held within the preceding 24 months, a Flight Instructor Rating - Aeroplane issued by a Contracting State shall be deemed to have met 10 hours of the 15 hours ground school instruction requirement.

(b) Experience

(i) An applicant who holds or has held a Flight Instructor Rating - Aeroplane issued by a Contracting State shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.

(ii) An applicant who holds or has held an International Council of Airshows (ICAS) Aerobatic Competency Recommendation to the FAA shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.


Class 1

401.93 Class 1 Rating - Privileges The holder of a Class 1 flight instructor rating - aeroplane - aerobatic may

(a) exercise the privileges of a Class 2 flight instructor rating - aeroplane - aerobatic;

(b) provide ground school and flight instruction in respect of the endorsement of a licence with a flight instructor rating - aeroplane - aerobatic; and

(c) recommend a trainee for a flight test in respect of the endorsement of the trainee's licence with a flight instructor rating - aeroplane - aerobatic.

 

421.92 Class 1 Rating - Requirements

(1) Prerequisites

An applicant for a Class 1 Aerobatic Instructor Rating shall:

(a) hold, or have held during the preceding 12 month period, a class 2 Aerobatic Instructor Rating - Aeroplane; or

(b) where the prerequisite specified above has not been met, the applicant shall:

(i) hold or have held within the previous 12 months, a Class 1 Flight Instructor rating - Aeroplane or Helicopter; and

(ii) provide a letter certifying that the applicant is competent to perform the aerobatic manoeuvres specified in the Experience section of the class 2 Aerobatic Rating.

(2) Knowledge

(a) An applicant shall have:

(i) completed 10 hours of Aerobatic Instructor Rating ground school instruction on topics relating to the training of instructors; and

(ii) obtained a minimum of 80% in the written examination Flight Instructor rating Instructional Techniques (FITEN).

(b) An applicant who does not hold, or has not held within the previous 24 months, a class 2 Aerobatic Instructor Rating shall be required to meet the knowledge requirement for the class 2 Aerobatic Instructor Rating.

(3) Experience

An applicant shall:

(a) have completed a minimum of 50 hours aerobatic instructing experience; or

(b) hold a Class 1 Flight Instructor Rating and provide a letter certifying that the applicant is competent to perform the aerobatic manoeuvres specified in the Experience section of the class 2 Aerobatic Rating.

(4) Skill

The applicant shall successfully complete a flight test as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane, in accordance with Schedule 18 “Flight Test for the Issuance or Renewal of a Flight Instructor Rating – Class 1 –– Aeroplane — Aerobatic” of Standard 428 — Conduct of Flight Tests.
(amended 2012/02/19; previous version)

(5) Credits

An applicant who holds, or has held within the previous 24 months, a Class 1 Flight Instructor Rating - Aeroplane or Helicopter shall be deemed to have met the knowledge requirement.

 

 
 TP 975E Flight Instructor Guide

 

Learning Factors

 

Learning is made easier when the following factors are used:

 

(a) READINESS — Ensure students are mentally, physically and emotionally ready to learn.

 

(b) PRIMACY — Present new knowledge or skills correctly the first time. (Teach it right the first time.)

 

(c) RELATIONSHIP — Present lessons in the logical sequence of known to unknown, simple to complex, easy to difficult.

 

(d) EXERCISE — Ensure students are engaged in meaningful activity.

 

(e) INTENSITY — Use dramatic, realistic or unexpected things, as they are long

remembered.

 

(f) EFFECT — Ensure students gain a feeling of satisfaction from having taken part in a

lesson.

 

(g) RECENCY — Summarize and practise the important points at the end of each lesson, as last things learned and practised will be remembered longest.


TP5537E Flight Instructor Flight Test Guide

 

Preparatory Ground Instruction

 

Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to apply the instructional techniques and learning factors set out in the Flight Instructor Guide, including the ability to:

(a) prepare the teaching area for effective student learning (readiness);

(b) prepare/check training aids;

(c) determine that the student is ready for learning;

(d) explain where the lesson fits into the overall picture (relationship, readiness);

(e) identify the main teaching points (readiness);

(f) relate the lesson to past and/or future experiences of the student (relationship);

(g) start presentation of new material at the student’s level of understanding (readiness, relationship, effect);

(h) proceed at the rate of student comprehension (relationship, exercise, primacy, effect);

(i) use developmental teaching (exercise, effect, relationship);

(j) introduce each stage of the lesson and provide a link between stages (relationship);

(k) obtain student feedback throughout the lesson (exercise, effect);

(l) respond to student feedback (effect);

(m) identify and emphasize major points for the student (exercise, effect);

(n) give clear explanations (primacy, effect, relationship);

(o) use visual aids effectively (effect, intensity);

(p) use voice effectively by varying rate, volume and pitch (intensity);

(q) appear enthusiastic about the subject being taught (intensity);

(r) use eye contact effectively (intensity);

(s) involve the student effectively;

(t) confirm student learning at the end of each stage.


Pre-Flight Briefing

Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to:

(a) briefly outline the proposed flight, including where the training will be conducted, the sequence of exercises to be covered, the take-off time and duration of the flight;

(b) review meteorological and aerodrome conditions and NOTAM, obtaining student involvement appropriate for the stage of training;

(c) assess the aircraft to be used, including its fuel state and readiness for the training flight;

(d) review applicable safety considerations, such as winter operations;

(e) review relevant flight management/decision-making situations expected during the flight lesson.

 

Teaching Proficiency

 

Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to:

(a) apply the demonstration – performance method of teaching;

(b) explain key points of the manoeuvre to be demonstrated;

(c) give an effective demonstration of the manoeuvre;

(d) communicate effectively;

(e) divide a complex manoeuvre into simple elements;

(f) make efficient use of the time available;

(g) assign appropriate student practice.

 

Analysis of Student Performance

 

Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to:

(a) judge the normal level of performance for the stage of training represented;

(b) identify and assess strengths;

(c) identify and assess weaknesses;

(d) discriminate between critical and minor weaknesses;

(e) give feedback to correct critical weaknesses;

(f) judge which minor weaknesses require feedback;

(g) give feedback, as appropriate, to correct minor weaknesses;

(h) demonstrate knowledge of the skill requirements for the permit, licence or rating being sought.

 

 


Post-Flight Debriefing

 

Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to:

(a) help students assess their own performance;

(b) assess student performance, including strengths and weaknesses;

(c) make specific suggestions for improvement;

(d) answer any questions the student may have;

(e) assign study for the next flight lesson.

 


Flight Instructor Rating Assessment

Class 1 – Aeroplane, Helicopter and Class 1 Aerobatic

(a) Teaching Competency:

(i) Demonstrates above average communication skills

(ii) Applies learning factors and techniques of instruction in a manner that would set an example for an instructor trainee;

(iii) Demonstrates an excellent application of the essential background knowledge required for the task or exercise being taught;

(iv) Presents technical information to the student accurately and with a good depth of knowledge;

(v) Demonstrates excellent control of the lesson and very efficient use of time;

(vi) Demonstrates a very effective instructional explanation while demonstrating a task or manoeuvre;

(vii) Obtains a high degree of student involvement;

(viii) Demonstrates an above average ability to demonstrate, analyze and correct simulated common errors related to the task or manoeuvre being taught;

(ix) Demonstrates a very good understanding of training techniques and testing standards;

(x) Demonstrates the knowledge and skill necessary to train new instructors.

(b) Evaluation of Student Performance:

(i) Confirms student understanding;

(ii) Readily identifies errors in the performance of flight manoeuvres and suggests a variety of effective strategies for improvement;

(iii) Adapts well to role-play, as the instructor and as the trainee.

 

(c) Flight Proficiency:

(i) Performs flight manoeuvres with no major deviations from the level of competency required for the issuance of the Commercial Pilot Licence, while giving flight instruction; and for aerobatics when no major deviations occur while performing the requisite aerobatic manoeuvres;

(ii) Demonstrates an excellent understanding of training techniques and testing standards.

 

(d) Supervisory Knowledge:

(i) Demonstrates an understanding of the responsibilities of a Chief Flight Instructor;

(ii) Demonstrates administrative knowledge appropriate for the supervision of a staff of instructors;

(iii) Demonstrates knowledge of the requirement for direct supervision of Class 4 Flight Instructors.


Class 2 - Aeroplane, Helicopter

 

(a) Teaching Competency:

(i) Demonstrates good communication skills

(ii) Applies learning factors and techniques of instruction with few minor errors;

(iii) Demonstrates a good application of the essential background knowledge required for the task or exercise being taught;

(iv) Presents technical information to the student accurately with few minor errors;

(v) Demonstrates good control of the lesson and efficient use of time

(vi) Demonstrates an effective instructional explanation while demonstrating a task or manoeuvre (explanation during the demonstration must be clear, concise, technically accurate and complete with no prompting from the examiner);

(vii) Obtains good student involvement;

(viii) Demonstrates an average ability to demonstrate, analyze and correct simulated common errors related to the task or manoeuvre being taught.

 

(b) Evaluation of Student Performance:

(i) Confirms student understanding;

(ii) Readily identifies errors in the performance of flight manoeuvres by the trainee and suggests effective strategies for improvement;

 

(c) Flight Proficiency:

(i) Performs flight manoeuvres with no major deviations from the level of competency required for the issuance of the Commercial Pilot Licence, while giving flight instruction;

(ii) Demonstrates good knowledge of training and testing standards.

 

(d) Supervisory Knowledge:

(i) Demonstrates an understanding of the responsibilities of a Chief Flight Instructor;

(ii) Demonstrates administrative knowledge appropriate for the supervision of a staff of instructors;

(iii) Demonstrates a satisfactory knowledge and understanding of the regulatory requirements for direct supervision of Class 4 Flight Instructors.

 


How To Construct Good PGI For An Exercise

 

TKT:

    mental & physical condition (aerobatics?!)

    assess knowledge of exercise

 

WHAT:

    developmentally draw out from student’s assigned reading

 

MOTIVATION:

    why learn exercise?  How fit into training?

 

HOW:

    using whiteboard drawing and aircraft model, explain to student:

o       what aircraft will do

o       what flight and engine control inputs are required to make airplane do that

o       what he will see

o       break complicated tasks down into simpler tasks

o       tell him what we’re going to do, and ask him to tell us

o       QUESTIONS at end of each section, to confirm knowledge and involve

o       NO THEORY – don’t confuse groundschool with PGI

 

COMMON ERRORS:

    everyone makes the same mistakes – head start

 

SAFETY:

    particular to exercise:  lookout, altitude, botched recovery, G limits, etc.