Canadian Aviation Regulations -
Aerobatics
101.01 (1) In these Regulations:
"aerobatic manoeuvre" - means a
manoeuvre where a change in the attitude of an aircraft results in a bank angle
greater than 60 degrees, an abnormal attitude or an abnormal acceleration not
incidental to normal flying;
Aerobatic Manoeuvres - Prohibited Areas and Flight
Conditions
602.27 No person operating an aircraft shall conduct
aerobatic manoeuvres
(a) over a built-up area or an
open-air assembly of persons;
(b) in
controlled airspace, except in accordance with a special flight operations
certificate issued pursuant to section
603.67;
(c) when flight visibility is less
than three miles; or
(d) below
2,000 feet AGL, except in accordance with a special flight operations
certificate issued pursuant to section
603.02 or 603.67.
Aerobatic Manoeuvres with Passengers
602.28 No person operating an aircraft with a passenger
on board shall conduct an aerobatic manoeuvre unless the pilot-in-command of
the aircraft has engaged in
(a) at least 10 hours dual flight
instruction in the conducting of aerobatic manoeuvres or 20 hours conducting
aerobatic manoeuvres; and
(b) at least one hour of
conducting aerobatic manoeuvres in the preceding six months.
Exemption 602.27
Pursuant
to subsection 5.9(2) of the Aeronautics Act, and after having taken
into account that the exemption is both in the public interest and is not
likely to affect aviation safety, I hereby exempt persons conducting
aerobatic manoeuvres in an aircraft in controlled airspace, from the
requirement set out in paragraph 602.27(b) of the Canadian Aviation
Regulations (CARs), subject to the following conditions.
Paragraph 602.27(b)
requires that no person operating an aircraft shall conduct aerobatic
manoeuvres in controlled airspace, except in accordance with a Special Flight
Operations Certificate issue pursuant to section 603.67.
The
purpose of this exemption is to permit persons operating an aircraft to conduct
aerobatic manoeuvres in controlled airspace without requiring a Special Flight
Operations Certificate issued pursuant to section 603.67 of the CARs.
This
exemption applies to ALL persons conducting aerobatic manoeuvres in an aircraft
in controlled airspace.
This
exemption is subject to the following conditions:
This
exemption comes into effect on APRIL 1, 2006 at 00:01 EDT and
is in effect until the earliest of the following:
Dated at
Merlin Preuss
Director General
Civil Aviation
Date modified:
2010-05-10
So, you want to be an Aerobatic Flight Instructor?
425.21 Qualifications of Flight Instructors
(10) A person
who conducts flight training for experience in aerobatic manoeuvres shall:
(a) in the case of aeroplanes,
have a Flight Instructor Rating - Aeroplane - Aerobatics;
401.92 Class 2 Rating - Privileges
The holder of a Class 2 flight
instructor rating - aeroplane - aerobatic may
(a) conduct flight instruction in the
performance of aerobatic manoeuvres; and
(b) certify a licensed pilot's personal log
with respect to competency to perform aerobatic manoeuvres.
421.91 Class 2 Rating - Requirements
Before commencing training for a
Class 2 Aerobatic Instructor Rating, an applicant shall:
(a) hold a
Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot Licence - Aeroplane; and
(b) provide a
personal log with certification from the holder of a Class 1 or Class 2
Aerobatic Instructor rating that the applicant is competent to perform
aerobatic manoeuvres.
(2) Knowledge
(a) An applicant shall have completed a minimum
of 15 hours of Aerobatic Instructor Rating ground school instruction which
shall include:
(i) the practical
application of the basic techniques of instruction and principles of learning
as outlined in Section 1 of the Flight Instructor Guide;
(ii) lesson
planning;
(iii) theory of
flight applicable to aerobatics;
(iv) preparatory
ground instruction procedures;
(v) pre and
post-flight briefing procedures;
(vi) teaching
aerobatic flight manoeuvres;
(vii) aircraft
structural limitations;
(viii) medical
factors and human tolerances;
(ix) aerobatic
pre-flight inspection;
(x) considerations
for recovery from unplanned manoeuvres;
(xi) flight safety
considerations;
(xii) regulations
and airspace restrictions relating to aerobatic flight; and
(xiii) presentation
of pilot decision-making concepts.
(b) An applicant shall have obtained 90% in
the written examination PSTAR, unless previously completed.
(3) Experience
(a) An applicant shall provide evidence of
having completed a minimum of 10 hours of dual flight instruction on the
teaching of aerobatic manoeuvres including:
(i) aerobatic spin
entry and recovery (minimum 1 turn);
(ii) loop;
(iii) barrel roll;
(iv) slow roll;
(v) snap roll;
(vi) hammerhead
turn;
(vii) combination
manoeuvres including:
(A) 1/2 loop
followed by 1/2 roll (Immelmann Turn),
(B) 1/2 roll
followed by 1/2 loop (Split S),
(C) 5/8 loop
followed by 45o descending 1/2 roll (1/2 Cuban 8), and
(D) 45º climbing
1/2 roll followed by 5/8 loop (1/2 Reverse Cuban 8); and
(viii) recovery
techniques from unplanned aerobatic manoeuvres.
The applicant shall successfully
complete a flight test as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane, in accordance with Schedule
17 “Flight Test for the Issuance or Renewal of a Flight Instructor Rating –
Class 2 –– Aeroplane — Aerobatic” of Standard 428 — Conduct of Flight Tests.
(amended 2012/02/19; previous
version)
(5) Credits
(a) Knowledge
(i) An applicant
who holds, or has held within the preceding 24 months, a Flight Instructor Rating -
Glider - Aerobatic shall be deemed to have met 10 hours of the 15 hours
ground school instruction requirement.
(ii) An applicant
who holds, or has held within the preceding 24 months, a Flight Instructor
Rating for aeroplanes or helicopters shall be deemed to have met 10 hours of
the 15 hours ground school instruction requirement.
(i) An applicant
who holds or has a Flight Instructor Rating - Gliders - Aerobatic
shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.
(ii) An applicant
who holds or has held a Flight Instructor Rating for aeroplanes or helicopters
shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.
(iii) An applicant
who holds or has held a Transport Canada "Statement of Aerobatic
Competency" shall be deemed to have met the experience requirement.
(amended 1998/09/01; no previous version)
(6) Credits for DND Applicants
(a) Knowledge
An applicant who
holds, or has held within the preceding 24 months, a Canadian Forces Instructor
Category, Aeroplanes shall be deemed to have met 10 hours of the 15 hours
ground school instruction requirement.
(b) Experience
An applicant who
holds or has held a Canadian Forces Qualified Flying Instructor (QFI) category
valid for training on single-engine aeroplanes shall be deemed to have met the
experience requirement.
(7) Credits for Foreign Applicants
(a) Knowledge
An applicant who
holds, or has held within the preceding 24 months, a Flight Instructor
Rating - Aeroplane issued by a
(b) Experience
(i) An applicant
who holds or has held a Flight Instructor Rating - Aeroplane issued by a
(ii) An applicant
who holds or has held an International Council of Airshows (ICAS) Aerobatic
Competency Recommendation to the FAA shall be deemed to have met the experience
requirement.
401.93 Class 1 Rating - Privileges
The holder of a Class 1 flight instructor rating - aeroplane - aerobatic may
(a) exercise the privileges of a Class 2
flight instructor rating - aeroplane - aerobatic;
(b) provide ground school and flight
instruction in respect of the endorsement of a licence with a flight instructor
rating - aeroplane - aerobatic; and
(c) recommend a trainee for a flight test in
respect of the endorsement of the trainee's licence with a flight instructor
rating - aeroplane - aerobatic.
421.92 Class 1 Rating - Requirements
(1) Prerequisites
An applicant for a Class 1
Aerobatic Instructor Rating shall:
(a) hold, or have held during the preceding
12 month period, a class 2 Aerobatic Instructor Rating - Aeroplane; or
(b) where the prerequisite specified above
has not been met, the applicant shall:
(i) hold or have
held within the previous 12 months, a Class 1 Flight Instructor rating -
Aeroplane or Helicopter; and
(ii) provide a
letter certifying that the applicant is competent to perform the aerobatic
manoeuvres specified in the Experience section of the class 2 Aerobatic Rating.
(2) Knowledge
(a) An applicant shall have:
(i) completed 10
hours of Aerobatic Instructor Rating ground school instruction on topics
relating to the training of instructors; and
(ii) obtained a
minimum of 80% in the written examination Flight Instructor rating
Instructional Techniques (FITEN).
(b) An applicant who does not hold, or has
not held within the previous 24 months, a class 2 Aerobatic Instructor Rating
shall be required to meet the knowledge requirement for the class 2 Aerobatic
Instructor Rating.
(3) Experience
An applicant shall:
(a) have completed a minimum of 50 hours
aerobatic instructing experience; or
(b) hold a Class 1 Flight Instructor Rating
and provide a letter certifying that the applicant is competent to perform the
aerobatic manoeuvres specified in the Experience section of the class 2
Aerobatic Rating.
The applicant shall successfully
complete a flight test as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane, in accordance with Schedule
18 “Flight Test for the Issuance or Renewal of a Flight Instructor Rating –
Class 1 –– Aeroplane — Aerobatic” of Standard 428 — Conduct of Flight Tests.
(amended 2012/02/19; previous
version)
(5) Credits
An applicant who holds, or has
held within the previous 24 months, a Class 1 Flight Instructor Rating -
Aeroplane or Helicopter shall be deemed to have met the knowledge requirement.
TP 975E Flight Instructor Guide
Learning Factors
Learning is made easier when the
following factors are used:
(a) READINESS — Ensure
students are mentally, physically and emotionally ready to learn.
(b) PRIMACY — Present new
knowledge or skills correctly the first time. (Teach it right the first time.)
(c) RELATIONSHIP — Present
lessons in the logical sequence of known to unknown, simple to complex, easy to
difficult.
(d) EXERCISE — Ensure
students are engaged in meaningful activity.
(e) INTENSITY — Use dramatic,
realistic or unexpected things, as they are long
remembered.
(f) EFFECT — Ensure students
gain a feeling of satisfaction from having taken part in a
lesson.
(g) RECENCY — Summarize and
practise the important points at the end of each lesson, as last things learned
and practised will be remembered longest.
TP5537E Flight Instructor Flight Test Guide
Preparatory
Ground Instruction
Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to apply the
instructional techniques and learning factors set out in the Flight Instructor
Guide, including the ability to:
(a) prepare
the teaching area for effective student learning (readiness);
(b)
prepare/check training aids;
(c)
determine that the student is ready for learning;
(d) explain
where the lesson fits into the overall picture (relationship, readiness);
(e) identify
the main teaching points (readiness);
(f) relate
the lesson to past and/or future experiences of the student (relationship);
(g)
start presentation of new material at the student’s level of understanding
(readiness, relationship, effect);
(h) proceed at the rate of student
comprehension (relationship, exercise, primacy, effect);
(i) use developmental teaching (exercise, effect,
relationship);
(j) introduce each stage of the lesson and provide a link
between stages (relationship);
(k) obtain student feedback throughout the lesson (exercise,
effect);
(l) respond to student feedback (effect);
(m) identify and emphasize major points for the student
(exercise, effect);
(n) give clear explanations (primacy, effect, relationship);
(o) use visual aids effectively (effect, intensity);
(p) use voice effectively by varying rate, volume and pitch
(intensity);
(q) appear enthusiastic about the subject being taught
(intensity);
(r) use eye contact effectively (intensity);
(s) involve the student effectively;
(t) confirm student learning at the end of each stage.
Pre-Flight Briefing
Assessment will be based on the
candidate's ability to:
(a) briefly outline the proposed
flight, including where the training will be conducted, the sequence of
exercises to be covered, the take-off time and duration of the flight;
(b) review meteorological and aerodrome
conditions and NOTAM, obtaining student involvement appropriate for the stage
of training;
(c) assess the aircraft to be used,
including its fuel state and readiness for the training flight;
(d) review applicable safety
considerations, such as winter operations;
(e) review relevant flight
management/decision-making situations expected during the flight lesson.
Teaching
Proficiency
Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to:
(a) apply
the demonstration – performance method of teaching;
(b) explain
key points of the manoeuvre to be demonstrated;
(c) give an
effective demonstration of the manoeuvre;
(d)
communicate effectively;
(e) divide a
complex manoeuvre into simple elements;
(f) make
efficient use of the time available;
(g) assign
appropriate student practice.
Analysis of
Student Performance
Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to:
(a) judge
the normal level of performance for the stage of training represented;
(b) identify
and assess strengths;
(c) identify
and assess weaknesses;
(d)
discriminate between critical and minor weaknesses;
(e) give
feedback to correct critical weaknesses;
(f) judge
which minor weaknesses require feedback;
(g) give
feedback, as appropriate, to correct minor weaknesses;
(h)
demonstrate knowledge of the skill requirements for the permit, licence or
rating being sought.
Post-Flight Debriefing
Assessment will be based on the candidate's ability to:
(a) help
students assess their own performance;
(b) assess
student performance, including strengths and weaknesses;
(c) make
specific suggestions for improvement;
(d) answer
any questions the student may have;
(e) assign
study for the next flight lesson.
(a) Teaching Competency:
(i) Demonstrates above average
communication skills
(ii) Applies learning factors and
techniques of instruction in a manner that would set an example for an instructor
trainee;
(iii) Demonstrates an excellent
application of the essential background knowledge required for the task or
exercise being taught;
(iv) Presents technical information to
the student accurately and with a good depth of knowledge;
(v) Demonstrates excellent control of
the lesson and very efficient use of time;
(vi) Demonstrates a very effective
instructional explanation while demonstrating a task or manoeuvre;
(vii) Obtains a high degree of student
involvement;
(viii) Demonstrates an above average
ability to demonstrate, analyze and correct simulated common errors related to
the task or manoeuvre being taught;
(ix) Demonstrates a very good
understanding of training techniques and testing standards;
(x) Demonstrates the knowledge and
skill necessary to train new instructors.
(b) Evaluation of Student
Performance:
(i) Confirms student understanding;
(ii) Readily identifies errors in the
performance of flight manoeuvres and suggests a variety of effective strategies
for improvement;
(iii) Adapts well to role-play, as the
instructor and as the trainee.
(c) Flight Proficiency:
(i) Performs flight manoeuvres with no
major deviations from the level of competency required for the issuance of the
Commercial Pilot Licence, while giving flight instruction; and for aerobatics
when no major deviations occur while performing the requisite aerobatic
manoeuvres;
(ii) Demonstrates an excellent
understanding of training techniques and testing standards.
(d) Supervisory Knowledge:
(i) Demonstrates an understanding of
the responsibilities of a Chief Flight Instructor;
(ii) Demonstrates administrative
knowledge appropriate for the supervision of a staff of instructors;
(iii) Demonstrates knowledge of the
requirement for direct supervision of Class 4 Flight Instructors.
Class 2 - Aeroplane, Helicopter
(a) Teaching Competency:
(i) Demonstrates good communication skills
(ii) Applies learning factors and techniques of
instruction with few minor errors;
(iii) Demonstrates a good application of the essential
background knowledge required for the task or exercise being taught;
(iv) Presents technical information to the student
accurately with few minor errors;
(v) Demonstrates good control of the lesson and
efficient use of time
(vi) Demonstrates an effective instructional
explanation while demonstrating a task or manoeuvre (explanation during the
demonstration must be clear, concise, technically accurate and complete with no
prompting from the examiner);
(vii) Obtains good student involvement;
(viii) Demonstrates an average ability to
demonstrate, analyze and correct simulated common errors related to the task or
manoeuvre being taught.
(b) Evaluation of Student Performance:
(i) Confirms student understanding;
(ii) Readily identifies errors in the performance
of flight manoeuvres by the trainee and suggests effective strategies for
improvement;
(c) Flight Proficiency:
(i) Performs flight manoeuvres with no major
deviations from the level of competency required for the issuance of the
Commercial Pilot Licence, while giving flight instruction;
(ii) Demonstrates good knowledge of training and
testing standards.
(d) Supervisory Knowledge:
(i) Demonstrates an understanding of the
responsibilities of a Chief Flight Instructor;
(ii) Demonstrates administrative knowledge
appropriate for the supervision of a staff of instructors;
(iii) Demonstrates a satisfactory knowledge and
understanding of the regulatory requirements for direct supervision of Class 4
Flight Instructors.
How To Construct Good
PGI For An Exercise
TKT:
mental &
physical condition (aerobatics?!)
assess knowledge
of exercise
WHAT:
developmentally draw out from student’s assigned reading
MOTIVATION:
why learn exercise? How fit into training?
HOW:
using whiteboard drawing and aircraft model, explain to student:
o what aircraft will do
o what flight and engine control inputs are required to make airplane do that
o what he will see
o break complicated tasks down into simpler tasks
o tell him what we’re going to do, and ask him to tell us
o QUESTIONS at end of each section, to confirm knowledge and involve
o NO THEORY – don’t confuse groundschool with PGI
COMMON ERRORS:
everyone makes the same mistakes – head start
SAFETY:
particular to exercise: lookout, altitude, botched recovery, G limits, etc.